In 2024, the final data from Eurostat showed that the General Government Institutional Sector in the EU reported a deficit of -565 922 million euro, or -3.1% of Gross domestic product (GDP), decreasing compared to 2023.
| Indicators | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU | |||||
| GDP market prices (mp) | (million euro) | 14 792 289.0 | 16 169 776.0 | 17 257 316.0 | 18 015 434.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -683 853.0 | -510 836.0 | -593 212.0 | -565 922.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -4.6 | -3.2 | -3.4 | -3.1 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 51.2 | 49.2 | 48.9 | 49.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 46.5 | 46.0 | 45.5 | 46.0 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 12 829 600.0 | 13 315 508.0 | 13 894 848.0 | 14 546 564.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 86.7 | 82.3 | 80.5 | 80.7 |
In 2024, all Member States, except Denmark (+4.5%), Cyprus (+4.1%), Ireland (+4.0%), Greece (+1.2%), Luxembourg (+0.9%) and Portugal (+0.5%), reported a deficit. The highest deficits were recorded in Romania (‑9.3%), Poland (-6.5%), France (‑5.8%) and Slovakia (-5.5%). Twelve Member States had deficits equal to or higher than 3% of GDP.
At the end of 2024 the debt of EU amounted to 14 546 564 million EUR or 80.7% of GDP.
The lowest ratios of government debt to GDP were recorded in Estonia (23.5%), Bulgaria (23.8%), Luxembourg (26.3%), Denmark (30.5%), Sweden (34.0%) and Lithuania (38.0%).
Twelve Member States had government debt ratios higher than 60% of GDP, with the highest registered in Greece (154.2%), Italy (134.9%), France (113.2%), Belgium (103.9%) and Spain (101.6%).
Annex
Table 1
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 506 047.0 | 561 309.0 | 602 376.0 | 620 272.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -27 336.0 | -20 217.0 | -24 134.0 | -27 059.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -5.4 | -3.6 | -4.0 | -4.4 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 54.9 | 52.5 | 52.8 | 54.1 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 49.5 | 48.9 | 48.8 | 49.7 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 550 279.0 | 580 297.0 | 617 112.0 | 644 398.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 108.7 | 103.4 | 102.4 | 103.9 |
| Bulgaria | |||||
| GDP mp | (million BGN) | 139 537.0 | 168 354.0 | 184 875.0 | 204 907.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million BGN) | -5 526.0 | -4 942.0 | -3 683.0 | -6 240.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -4.0 | -2.9 | -2.0 | -3.0 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 41.5 | 41.3 | 38.9 | 39.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 37.6 | 38.4 | 36.9 | 36.1 |
| Government debt | (million BGN) | 33 279.0 | 37 855.0 | 42 393.0 | 48 851.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 23.8 | 22.5 | 22.9 | 23.8 |
| Czechia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million CZK) | 6 307 755.0 | 7 049 872.0 | 7 659 655.0 | 8 057 032.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million CZK) | -312 308.0 | -216 345.0 | -286 066.0 | -163 487.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -5.0 | -3.1 | -3.7 | -2.0 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 45.0 | 43.0 | 43.7 | 42.9 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 40.1 | 39.9 | 40.0 | 40.8 |
| Government debt | (million CZK) | 2 566 752.0 | 2 997 632.0 | 3 234 102.0 | 3 488 471.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 40.7 | 42.5 | 42.2 | 43.3 |
| Denmark | |||||
| GDP mp | (million DKK) | 2 553 261.0 | 2 831 270.0 | 2 787 930.0 | 2 926 878.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million DKK) | 104 126.0 | 95 960.0 | 95 630.0 | 130 501.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 49.7 | 45.1 | 47.4 | 47.3 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 53.8 | 48.5 | 50.8 | 51.8 |
| Government debt | (million DKK) | 1 011 796.0 | 943 250.0 | 919 014.0 | 893 977.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 39.6 | 33.3 | 33.0 | 30.5 |
| Germany | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 3 682 340.0 | 3 989 390.0 | 4 219 310.0 | 4 328 970.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -116 630.0 | -76 138.0 | -105 249.0 | -115 295.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -3.2 | -1.9 | -2.5 | -2.7 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 50.7 | 48.6 | 48.1 | 49.4 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 47.5 | 46.7 | 45.7 | 46.8 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 2 501 719.0 | 2 569 046.0 | 2 630 570.0 | 2 693 780.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 67.9 | 64.4 | 62.3 | 62.2 |
| Estonia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 31 453.0 | 36 301.0 | 38 353.0 | 39 848.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -796.0 | -359.0 | -1 049.0 | -689.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -2.5 | -1.0 | -2.7 | -1.7 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 42.1 | 40.0 | 43.1 | 44.0 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 39.6 | 39.0 | 40.3 | 42.2 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 5 795.0 | 6 965.0 | 7 736.0 | 9 353.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 18.4 | 19.2 | 20.2 | 23.5 |
| Ireland | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 448 445.0 | 520 718.0 | 524 729.0 | 562 794.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -5 864.0 | 8 235.0 | 7 159.0 | 22 605.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -1.3 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 4.0 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 23.5 | 20.7 | 22.2 | 22.4 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 22.2 | 22.2 | 23.6 | 26.4 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 235 182.0 | 223 610.0 | 219 079.0 | 215 380.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 52.4 | 42.9 | 41.8 | 38.3 |
| Greece | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 184 575.0 | 207 009.0 | 224 686.0 | 236 736.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -13 365.0 | -5 324.0 | -3 235.0 | 2 911.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -7.2 | -2.6 | -1.4 | 1.2 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 56.7 | 53.1 | 49.6 | 48.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 49.5 | 50.5 | 48.2 | 49.5 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 364 141.0 | 368 005.0 | 369 110.0 | 364 965.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 197.3 | 177.8 | 164.3 | 154.2 |
| Spain | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 1 235 474.0 | 1 375 863.0 | 1 497 761.0 | 1 594 330.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -82 174.0 | -63 105.0 | -50 027.0 | -51 267.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -6.7 | -4.6 | -3.3 | -3.2 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 49.5 | 46.3 | 45.4 | 45.5 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 42.8 | 41.7 | 42.1 | 42.3 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 1 429 404.0 | 1 504 105.0 | 1 575 377.0 | 1 620 573.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 115.7 | 109.3 | 105.2 | 101.6 |
| France | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 2 508 102.0 | 2 653 997.0 | 2 826 542.0 | 2 919 900.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -165 149.0 | -125 896.0 | -151 709.0 | -169 655.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -6.6 | -4.7 | -5.4 | -5.8 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 59.5 | 58.4 | 56.9 | 57.3 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 52.9 | 53.7 | 51.5 | 51.4 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 2 828 781.0 | 2 955 639.0 | 3 102 542.0 | 3 305 262.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 112.8 | 111.4 | 109.8 | 113.2 |
| Croatia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 58 343.0 | 67 613.0 | 79 186.0 | 85 905.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 501.0 | 95.0 | -622.0 | -1 673.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -2.6 | 0.1 | -0.8 | -1.9 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 48.2 | 45.0 | 46.3 | 48.0 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 45.6 | 45.2 | 45.5 | 46.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 45 629.0 | 46 347.0 | 48 264.0 | 49 284.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 78.2 | 68.5 | 60.9 | 57.4 |
| Italy | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 1 842 507.0 | 1 998 073.0 | 2 142 602.0 | 2 199 619.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -163 535.0 | -161 859.0 | -153 305.0 | -73 937.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -8.9 | -8.1 | -7.2 | -3.4 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 56.0 | 54.9 | 53.6 | 50.4 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 47.2 | 46.8 | 46.5 | 47.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 2 686 729.0 | 2 764 453.0 | 2 869 938.0 | 2 966 915.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 145.8 | 138.4 | 133.9 | 134.9 |
| Cyprus | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 25 680.0 | 29 645.0 | 32 439.0 | 34 770.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -407.0 | 795.0 | 555.0 | 1 439.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -1.6 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 4.1 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 42.7 | 37.7 | 40.6 | 38.3 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 41.1 | 40.4 | 42.4 | 42.4 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 24 776.0 | 23 813.0 | 23 080.0 | 21 823.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 96.5 | 80.3 | 71.1 | 62.8 |
| Latvia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 32 284.0 | 36 089.0 | 39 564.0 | 40 359.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -2 331.0 | -1 754.0 | -934.0 | -732.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -7.2 | -4.9 | -2.4 | -1.8 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 46.5 | 44.2 | 43.4 | 45.6 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 39.3 | 39.4 | 41.1 | 43.8 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 14 810.0 | 16 039.0 | 17 579.0 | 18 801.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 45.9 | 44.4 | 44.4 | 46.6 |
| Lithuania | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 56 709.0 | 67 081.0 | 74 317.0 | 78 996.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -652.0 | -482.0 | -493.0 | -1 012.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -1.1 | -0.7 | -0.7 | -1.3 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 37.3 | 36.5 | 37.2 | 39.4 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 36.2 | 35.8 | 36.5 | 38.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 24 570.0 | 25 703.0 | 27 581.0 | 29 992.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 43.3 | 38.3 | 37.1 | 38.0 |
| Luxembourg | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 73 039.0 | 76 731.0 | 82 115.0 | 86 180.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | 814.0 | 164.0 | -538.0 | 766.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 1.1 | 0.2 | -0.7 | 0.9 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 42.4 | 44.3 | 46.4 | 46.8 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 43.5 | 44.5 | 45.7 | 47.7 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 17 664.0 | 19 107.0 | 20 268.0 | 22 649.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 24.2 | 24.9 | 24.7 | 26.3 |
| Hungary | |||||
| GDP mp | (million HUF) | 55 560 466.0 | 65 950 424.0 | 75 292 668.0 | 81 447 664.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million HUF) | -3 950 388.0 | -4 082 786.0 | -5 098 959.0 | -4 089 556.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -7.1 | -6.2 | -6.8 | -5.0 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 48.1 | 49.0 | 49.5 | 47.1 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 41.0 | 42.8 | 42.7 | 42.1 |
| Government debt | (million HUF) | 42 345 225.0 | 48 856 449.0 | 55 139 767.0 | 59 879 002.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 76.2 | 74.1 | 73.2 | 73.5 |
| Malta | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 16 690.0 | 17 975.0 | 20 911.0 | 23 071.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 161.0 | -959.0 | -927.0 | -812.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -7.0 | -5.3 | -4.4 | -3.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 39.4 | 38.4 | 35.8 | 37.5 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 32.5 | 33.1 | 31.4 | 34.0 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 8 305.0 | 9 048.0 | 9 826.0 | 10 647.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 49.8 | 50.3 | 47.0 | 46.2 |
| Netherlands | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 891 550.0 | 993 820.0 | 1 050 133.0 | 1 122 459.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -20 145.0 | 22.0 | -3 897.0 | -10 606.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -2.3 | 0.0 | -0.4 | -0.9 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 45.9 | 43.3 | 44.0 | 44.4 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 43.6 | 43.3 | 43.6 | 43.5 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 450 239.0 | 481 145.0 | 481 481.0 | 491 055.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 50.5 | 48.4 | 45.8 | 43.7 |
| Austria | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 406 231.0 | 449 382.0 | 477 837.0 | 494 088.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -23 129.0 | -15 325.0 | -12 377.0 | -23 106.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -5.7 | -3.4 | -2.6 | -4.7 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 56.0 | 53.0 | 52.2 | 55.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 50.3 | 49.6 | 49.6 | 50.5 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 334 731.0 | 351 150.0 | 371 540.0 | 394 792.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 82.4 | 78.1 | 77.8 | 79.9 |
| Poland | |||||
| GDP mp | (million PLN) | 2 661 518.0 | 3 100 850.0 | 3 415 274.0 | 3 653 432.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million PLN) | -44 597.0 | -104 475.0 | -177 442.0 | -236 562.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -1.7 | -3.4 | -5.2 | -6.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 43.6 | 43.2 | 46.9 | 49.4 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 41.9 | 39.9 | 41.7 | 43.0 |
| Government debt | (million PLN) | 1 410 966.0 | 1 512 812.0 | 1 691 261.0 | 2 012 640.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 53.0 | 48.8 | 49.5 | 55.1 |
| Portugal | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 216 494.0 | 243 957.0 | 270 353.0 | 289 428.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -6 117.0 | -757.0 | 3 399.0 | 1 451.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -2.8 | -0.3 | 1.3 | 0.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 47.3 | 43.9 | 41.9 | 42.6 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 44.5 | 43.6 | 43.2 | 43.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 268 189.0 | 271 358.0 | 261 864.0 | 270 881.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 123.9 | 111.2 | 96.9 | 93.6 |
| Romania | |||||
| GDP mp | (million RON) | 1 186 015.0 | 1 384 598.0 | 1 590 749.0 | 1 759 183.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million RON) | -85 177.0 | -90 338.0 | -106 658.0 | -164 460.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -7.2 | -6.5 | -6.7 | -9.3 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 40.0 | 40.9 | 41.1 | 43.6 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 32.8 | 34.4 | 34.4 | 34.2 |
| Government debt | (million RON) | 576 339.0 | 665 491.0 | 784 235.0 | 964 808.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 48.6 | 48.1 | 49.3 | 54.8 |
| Slovenia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 52 032.0 | 56 882.0 | 64 050.0 | 67 418.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -2 399.0 | -1 714.0 | -1 655.0 | -637.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -4.6 | -3.0 | -2.6 | -0.9 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 49.9 | 47.7 | 46.5 | 46.5 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 45.3 | 44.7 | 44.0 | 45.5 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 38 929.0 | 41 395.0 | 43 739.0 | 44 905.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 74.8 | 72.8 | 68.3 | 66.6 |
| Slovakia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 101 892.0 | 109 960.0 | 123 539.0 | 130 208.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -5 186.0 | -1 720.0 | -6 542.0 | -7 157.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -5.1 | -1.6 | -5.3 | -5.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 44.8 | 43.1 | 48.2 | 47.5 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 39.8 | 41.5 | 42.9 | 42.0 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 61 356.0 | 63 509.0 | 68 882.0 | 77 735.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 60.2 | 57.8 | 55.8 | 59.7 |
| Finland | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 248 764.0 | 266 135.0 | 272 848.0 | 275 963.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -6 598.0 | -477.0 | -7 900.0 | -12 156.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -2.7 | -0.2 | -2.9 | -4.4 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 55.1 | 52.6 | 56.0 | 57.8 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 52.5 | 52.5 | 53.1 | 53.4 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 181 911.0 | 196 844.0 | 210 321.0 | 227 547.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 73.1 | 74.0 | 77.1 | 82.5 |
| Sweden | |||||
| GDP mp | (million SEK) | 5 417 760.0 | 5 816 415.0 | 6 143 187.0 | 6 379 843.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million SEK) | -11 073.0 | 57 635.0 | -54 898.0 | -100 082.0 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -0.2 | 1.0 | -0.9 | -1.6 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 50.4 | 49.4 | 50.0 | 50.7 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 50.2 | 50.4 | 49.1 | 49.2 |
| Government debt | (million SEK) | 2 017 685.0 | 1 985 572.0 | 1 965 761.0 | 2 171 898.0 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 37.2 | 34.1 | 32.0 | 34.0 |
[1] Source: Eurostat.
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