In the European Union (EU), the ratio of the government deficit to GDP remained unchanged at 3.1%, the same as in 2024, while the ratio of government debt to GDP increased from 80.7% to 81.7%.
Тable 1
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU | |||||
| GDP market prices (mp) | (million euro) | 16 170 154 | 17 264 208 | 18 037 580 | 18 826 635 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -510 306 | -593 751 | -560 684 | -576 516 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -3.2 | -3.4 | -3.1 | -3.1 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 49.2 | 48.9 | 49.1 | 49.5 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 46 | 45.5 | 46 | 46.4 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 13 316 983 | 13 897 258 | 14 548 670 | 15 374 367 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 82.4 | 80.5 | 80.7 | 81.7 |
In 2025, all Member States, except Cyprus (+3.4%), Denmark (+2.9%), Ireland (+1.8%), Greece (+1.7%) and Portugal (+0.7%), reported a deficit. The highest deficits were recorded in Romania (7.9%), Poland (-7.3%), Belgium (-5.2%) and France ( 5.1%). Eleven Member States had deficits equal to or higher than 3% of GDP.
At the end of 2025, the lowest ratios of government debt to GDP were recorded in Estonia (24.1%), Luxembourg (26.5%), Denmark (27.9%), Bulgaria (29.9%), Ireland (32.9%), Sweden (35.1%) and Lithuania (39.5%). Twelve Member States had government debt ratios higher than 60% of GDP, with the highest registered in Greece (146.1%), Italy (137.1%), France (115.6%), Belgium (107.9%) and Spain (100.7%).
In 2025, government total expenditure to GDP ratio in the euro area stood at 49.8% of GDP and government total revenue to GDP ratio stood at 46.9%. The figures for the EU were 49.5% and 46.4%, respectively. Government revenue and expenditure ratios increased both in the euro area and the EU, compared to 2024.
Table 2
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 561 678 | 601 867 | 619 914 | 642 015 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -19 883 | -24 720 | -27 057 | -33 220 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -3.5 | -4.1 | -4.4 | -5.2 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 52.5 | 52.8 | 54.1 | 54.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 48.9 | 48.7 | 49.7 | 49 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 580 354 | 617 175 | 644 199 | 692 461 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 103.3 | 102.5 | 103.9 | 107.9 |
| Bulgaria | |||||
| GDP mp | (million BGN) | 86 078 | 94 525 | 104 767 | 116 018 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million BGN) | -2 528 | -1 884 | -3 191 | -4 113 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -2.9 | -2 | -3 | -3.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 41.3 | 38.9 | 39.2 | 41.7 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 38.4 | 36.9 | 36.1 | 38.1 |
| Government debt | (million BGN) | 19 355 | 21 675 | 24 977 | 34 635 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 22.5 | 22.9 | 23.8 | 29.9 |
| Czechia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million CZK) | 7 049 872 | 7 659 655 | 8 058 158 | 8 556 452 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million CZK) | -216 345 | -286 066 | -163 345 | -183 744 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -3.1 | -3.7 | -2 | -2.1 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 43.2 | 44 | 43.2 | 43.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 40.2 | 40.3 | 41.2 | 41 |
| Government debt | (million CZK) | 2 997 632 | 3 234 102 | 3 488 500 | 3 786 250 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 42.5 | 42.2 | 43.3 | 44.3 |
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark | |||||
| GDP mp | (million DKK) | 2 831 270 | 2 787 930 | 2 926 878 | 3 062 771 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million DKK) | 95 960 | 95 630 | 130 501 | 88 454 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 2.9 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 45.1 | 47.4 | 47.3 | 48 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 48.5 | 50.8 | 51.8 | 50.9 |
| Government debt | (million DKK) | 943 250 | 919 014 | 893 977 | 855 200 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 33.3 | 33 | 30.5 | 27.9 |
| Germany | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 3 989 390 | 4 219 310 | 4 328 970 | 4 469 910 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -76 138 | -105 249 | -115 295 | -119 147 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -1.9 | -2.5 | -2.7 | -2.7 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 48.6 | 48.1 | 49.4 | 50.5 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 46.7 | 45.7 | 46.8 | 47.9 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 2 569 029 | 2 630 547 | 2 693 827 | 2 838 239 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 64.4 | 62.3 | 62.2 | 63.5 |
| Estonia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 36 301 | 38 353 | 39 848 | 41 621 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -329 | -1 020 | -458 | -825 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -0.9 | -2.7 | -1.1 | -2 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 40 | 43.1 | 44 | 45.4 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 39.1 | 40.4 | 42.8 | 43.4 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 6 965 | 7 736 | 9 353 | 10 035 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 19.2 | 20.2 | 23.5 | 24.1 |
| Ireland | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 520 718 | 524 729 | 562 794 | 638 684 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | 8 482 | 7 429 | 23 320 | 11 222 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 1.6 | 1.4 | 4.1 | 1.8 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 20.6 | 22.2 | 22.3 | 21 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 22.3 | 23.6 | 26.5 | 22.7 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 223 696 | 219 277 | 215 575 | 209 902 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 43 | 41.8 | 38.3 | 32.9 |
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 207 009 | 224 686 | 236 736 | 248 354 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -5 324 | -3 213 | 3 189 | 4 290 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -2.6 | -1.4 | 1.3 | 1.7 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 53.1 | 49.5 | 48.1 | 48.3 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 50.5 | 48.1 | 49.4 | 50 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 368 005 | 369 110 | 364 964 | 362 925 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 177.8 | 164.3 | 154.2 | 146.1 |
| Spain | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 1 375 863 | 1 497 761 | 1 594 330 | 1 687 152 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -63 105 | -50 027 | -51 267 | -40 330 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -4.6 | -3.3 | -3.2 | -2.4 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 46.3 | 45.4 | 45.5 | 45.3 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 41.7 | 42.1 | 42.3 | 42.9 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 1 504 105 | 1 575 377 | 1 620 573 | 1 698 225 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 109.3 | 105.2 | 101.6 | 100.7 |
| France | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 2 653 997 | 2 833 826 | 2 935 236 | 2 994 733 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -125 896 | -151 920 | -169 118 | -152 511 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -4.7 | -5.4 | -5.8 | -5.1 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 58.4 | 56.8 | 57 | 57.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 53.7 | 51.4 | 51.2 | 52.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 2 955 639 | 3 103 248 | 3 306 097 | 3 460 465 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 111.4 | 109.5 | 112.6 | 115.6 |
| Croatia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 67 613 | 79 186 | 85 905 | 92 975 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | 10 | -865 | -2 001 | -2 796 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 0 | -1.1 | -2.3 | -3 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 45.1 | 46.6 | 48.4 | 50.1 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 45.2 | 45.5 | 46.1 | 47.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 46 347 | 48 264 | 49 284 | 52 371 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 68.5 | 60.9 | 57.4 | 56.3 |
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 1 998 073 | 2 142 744 | 2 202 031 | 2 258 049 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -161 869 | -152 867 | -73 779 | -69 381 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -8.1 | -7.1 | -3.4 | -3.1 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 54.9 | 53.6 | 50.4 | 51.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 46.8 | 46.5 | 47 | 48.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 2 764 481 | 2 869 976 | 2 967 004 | 3 095 888 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 138.4 | 133.9 | 134.7 | 137.1 |
| Cyprus | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 29 645 | 32 439 | 34 770 | 36 484 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | 796 | 554 | 1 439 | 1 242 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 2.7 | 1.7 | 4.1 | 3.4 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 37.7 | 40.6 | 38.3 | 40.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 40.4 | 42.4 | 42.4 | 43.6 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 23 745 | 23 056 | 21 814 | 20 078 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 80.1 | 71.1 | 62.7 | 55 |
| Latvia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 36 089 | 39 564 | 40 652 | 43 026 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 754 | -927 | -727 | -1 093 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -4.9 | -2.3 | -1.8 | -2.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 44.2 | 43.4 | 45.3 | 46.1 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 39.4 | 41.1 | 43.5 | 43.6 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 16 039 | 17 579 | 18 801 | 20 174 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 44.4 | 44.4 | 46.2 | 46.9 |
| Lithuania | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 67 081 | 74 317 | 78 996 | 84 258 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -482 | -493 | -1 012 | -1 536 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -0.7 | -0.7 | -1.3 | -1.8 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 36.5 | 37.2 | 39.4 | 41.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 35.8 | 36.5 | 38.1 | 39.4 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 25 703 | 27 581 | 29 992 | 33 259 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 38.3 | 37.1 | 38 | 39.5 |
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luxembourg | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 76 731 | 82 115 | 86 180 | 89 522 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | 164 | -541 | 776 | -1 756 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 0.2 | -0.7 | 0.9 | -2 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 44.3 | 46.4 | 46.8 | 49.1 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 44.5 | 45.7 | 47.7 | 47.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 19 107 | 20 268 | 22 638 | 23 695 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 24.9 | 24.7 | 26.3 | 26.5 |
| Hungary | |||||
| GDP mp | (million HUF) | 65 950 424 | 75 218 235 | 81 493 548 | 87 045 554 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million HUF) | -4 092 620 | -5 253 505 | -4 185 367 | -4 059 437 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -6.2 | -7 | -5.1 | -4.7 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 49.1 | 49.7 | 47.3 | 47.3 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 42.9 | 42.8 | 42.2 | 42.6 |
| Government debt | (million HUF) | 48 854 681 | 55 132 774 | 59 866 887 | 64 911 638 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 74.1 | 73.3 | 73.5 | 74.6 |
| Malta | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 17 985 | 20 925 | 23 137 | 24 577 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -952 | -928 | -794 | -545 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -5.3 | -4.4 | -3.4 | -2.2 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 38.4 | 35.8 | 37.2 | 37 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 33.1 | 31.3 | 33.8 | 34.8 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 9 040 | 9 818 | 10 621 | 11 397 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 50.3 | 46.9 | 45.9 | 46.4 |
| Netherlands | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 993 820 | 1 050 133 | 1 121 543 | 1 179 458 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | 22 | -3 897 | -8 258 | -18 736 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 0 | -0.4 | -0.7 | -1.6 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 43.3 | 44 | 44.3 | 44.9 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 43.3 | 43.6 | 43.6 | 43.3 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 481 145 | 481 481 | 491 055 | 523 541 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 48.4 | 45.8 | 43.8 | 44.4 |
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 449 382 | 477 837 | 494 088 | 512 813 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -15 325 | -12 249 | -22 953 | -21 464 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -3.4 | -2.6 | -4.6 | -4.2 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 53 | 52.3 | 55.3 | 55.2 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 49.6 | 49.7 | 50.6 | 51 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 351 144 | 371 621 | 395 051 | 418 078 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 78.1 | 77.8 | 80 | 81.5 |
| Poland | |||||
| GDP mp | (million PLN) | 3 100 850 | 3 415 274 | 3 669 531 | 3 912 673 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million PLN) | -104 475 | -177 442 | -236 623 | -283 969 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -3.4 | -5.2 | -6.4 | -7.3 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 43.2 | 46.9 | 49.2 | 50.9 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 39.9 | 41.7 | 42.8 | 43.6 |
| Government debt | (million PLN) | 1 512 812 | 1 691 261 | 2 012 640 | 2 335 153 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 48.8 | 49.5 | 54.8 | 59.7 |
| Portugal | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 243 957 | 270 353 | 289 784 | 306 765 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -757 | 3 030 | 1 863 | 2 059 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -0.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 43.9 | 42 | 42.4 | 42.7 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 43.6 | 43.2 | 43 | 43.4 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 271 358 | 261 889 | 270 902 | 275 063 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 111.2 | 96.9 | 93.5 | 89.7 |
| Romania | |||||
| GDP mp | (million RON) | 1 384 598 | 1 590 749 | 1 759 183 | 1 916 405 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million RON) | -90 179 | -105 128 | -162 782 | -151 063 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -6.5 | -6.6 | -9.3 | -7.9 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 40.9 | 41.1 | 43.3 | 43.3 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 34.4 | 34.5 | 34 | 35.4 |
| Government debt | (million RON) | 665 491 | 784 235 | 964 808 | 1 137 324 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 48.1 | 49.3 | 54.8 | 59.3 |
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia | |||||
| GDP mp | (millioneuro) | 56 882 | 64 050 | 67 418 | 70 486 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 714 | -1 655 | -594 | -1 786 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -3 | -2.6 | -0.9 | -2.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 47.7 | 46.5 | 46.5 | 49.6 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 44.7 | 44 | 45.6 | 47.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 41 395 | 43 739 | 44 755 | 46 324 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 72.8 | 68.3 | 66.4 | 65.7 |
| Slovakia | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 109 960 | 123 539 | 130 208 | 136 754 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 720 | -6 556 | -6 963 | -6 086 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -1.6 | -5.3 | -5.3 | -4.5 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 43.1 | 48.4 | 47.4 | 47.9 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 41.5 | 43.1 | 42.1 | 43.5 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 63 509 | 68 882 | 77 735 | 83 957 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 57.8 | 55.8 | 59.7 | 61.4 |
| Finland | |||||
| GDP mp | (million euro) | 266 135 | 273 005 | 275 993 | 280 570 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million euro) | -477 | -7 810 | -12 010 | -9 613 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | -0.2 | -2.9 | -4.4 | -3.4 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 52.6 | 55.9 | 57.7 | 57.5 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 52.5 | 53 | 53.4 | 54.1 |
| Government debt | (million euro) | 196 844 | 210 338 | 227 339 | 248 433 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 74 | 77 | 82.4 | 88.5 |
| Sweden | |||||
| GDP mp | (million SEK) | 5 816 415 | 6 143 187 | 6 391 596 | 6 570 039 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (million SEK) | 57 635 | -54 898 | -97 426 | -84 717 |
| Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) | (% of GDP) | 1 | -0.9 | -1.5 | -1.3 |
| Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 49.4 | 50 | 50.5 | 49.9 |
| Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 50.4 | 49.1 | 48.9 | 48.6 |
| Government debt | (million SEK) | 2 001 233 | 1 980 795 | 2 186 716 | 2 305 401 |
| Government debt | (% of GDP) | 34.4 | 32.2 | 34.2 | 35.1 |
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