Bulgaria and EU: Deficit and debt of General Government Institutional Sector for 2025 - Preliminary data

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Bulgaria and EU: Deficit and debt of General Government Institutional Sector for 2025 - Preliminary data

In the European Union (EU), the ratio of the government deficit to GDP remained unchanged at 3.1%, the same as in 2024, while the ratio of government debt to GDP increased from 80.7% to 81.7%.

Тable 1

GDP, government deficit (-)/surplus (+) and debt of EU Member States
2022 2023 2024 2025
EU
GDP market prices (mp) (million euro) 16 170 154 17 264 208 18 037 580 18 826 635
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -510 306 -593 751 -560 684 -576 516
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -3.2 -3.4 -3.1 -3.1
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 49.2 48.9 49.1 49.5
Government revenue (% of GDP) 46 45.5 46 46.4
Government debt (million euro) 13 316 983 13 897 258 14 548 670 15 374 367
Government debt (% of GDP) 82.4 80.5 80.7 81.7

In 2025, all Member States, except Cyprus (+3.4%), Denmark (+2.9%), Ireland (+1.8%), Greece (+1.7%) and Portugal (+0.7%), reported a deficit. The highest deficits were recorded in Romania (7.9%), Poland (-7.3%), Belgium (-5.2%) and France ( 5.1%). Eleven Member States had deficits equal to or higher than 3% of GDP.

At the end of 2025, the lowest ratios of government debt to GDP were recorded in Estonia (24.1%), Luxembourg (26.5%), Denmark (27.9%), Bulgaria (29.9%), Ireland (32.9%), Sweden (35.1%) and Lithuania (39.5%). Twelve Member States had government debt ratios higher than 60% of GDP, with the highest registered in Greece (146.1%), Italy (137.1%), France (115.6%), Belgium (107.9%) and Spain (100.7%).

In 2025, government total expenditure to GDP ratio in the euro area stood at 49.8% of GDP and government total revenue to GDP ratio stood at 46.9%. The figures for the EU were 49.5% and 46.4%, respectively. Government revenue and expenditure ratios increased both in the euro area and the EU, compared to 2024.

Table 2

GDP, government deficit (-)/surplus (+) and debt of EU Member States1
2022 2023 2024 2025
Belgium
GDP mp (million euro) 561 678 601 867 619 914 642 015
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -19 883 -24 720 -27 057 -33 220
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -3.5 -4.1 -4.4 -5.2
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 52.5 52.8 54.1 54.2
Government revenue (% of GDP) 48.9 48.7 49.7 49
Government debt (million euro) 580 354 617 175 644 199 692 461
Government debt (% of GDP) 103.3 102.5 103.9 107.9
Bulgaria
GDP mp (million BGN) 86 078 94 525 104 767 116 018
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million BGN) -2 528 -1 884 -3 191 -4 113
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -2.9 -2 -3 -3.5
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 41.3 38.9 39.2 41.7
Government revenue (% of GDP) 38.4 36.9 36.1 38.1
Government debt (million BGN) 19 355 21 675 24 977 34 635
Government debt (% of GDP) 22.5 22.9 23.8 29.9
Czechia
GDP mp (million CZK) 7 049 872 7 659 655 8 058 158 8 556 452
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million CZK) -216 345 -286 066 -163 345 -183 744
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -3.1 -3.7 -2 -2.1
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 43.2 44 43.2 43.2
Government revenue (% of GDP) 40.2 40.3 41.2 41
Government debt (million CZK) 2 997 632 3 234 102 3 488 500 3 786 250
Government debt (% of GDP) 42.5 42.2 43.3 44.3

 

2022 2023 2024 2025
Denmark
GDP mp (million DKK) 2 831 270 2 787 930 2 926 878 3 062 771
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million DKK) 95 960 95 630 130 501 88 454
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) 3.4 3.4 4.5 2.9
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 45.1 47.4 47.3 48
Government revenue (% of GDP) 48.5 50.8 51.8 50.9
Government debt (million DKK) 943 250 919 014 893 977 855 200
Government debt (% of GDP) 33.3 33 30.5 27.9
Germany
GDP mp (million euro) 3 989 390 4 219 310 4 328 970 4 469 910
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -76 138 -105 249 -115 295 -119 147
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -1.9 -2.5 -2.7 -2.7
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 48.6 48.1 49.4 50.5
Government revenue (% of GDP) 46.7 45.7 46.8 47.9
Government debt (million euro) 2 569 029 2 630 547 2 693 827 2 838 239
Government debt (% of GDP) 64.4 62.3 62.2 63.5
Estonia
GDP mp (million euro) 36 301 38 353 39 848 41 621
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -329 -1 020 -458 -825
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -0.9 -2.7 -1.1 -2
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 40 43.1 44 45.4
Government revenue (% of GDP) 39.1 40.4 42.8 43.4
Government debt (million euro) 6 965 7 736 9 353 10 035
Government debt (% of GDP) 19.2 20.2 23.5 24.1
Ireland
GDP mp (million euro) 520 718 524 729 562 794 638 684
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) 8 482 7 429 23 320 11 222
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) 1.6 1.4 4.1 1.8
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 20.6 22.2 22.3 21
Government revenue (% of GDP) 22.3 23.6 26.5 22.7
Government debt (million euro) 223 696 219 277 215 575 209 902
Government debt (% of GDP) 43 41.8 38.3 32.9

2022 2023 2024 2025
Greece
GDP mp (million euro) 207 009 224 686 236 736 248 354
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -5 324 -3 213 3 189 4 290
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -2.6 -1.4 1.3 1.7
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 53.1 49.5 48.1 48.3
Government revenue (% of GDP) 50.5 48.1 49.4 50
Government debt (million euro) 368 005 369 110 364 964 362 925
Government debt (% of GDP) 177.8 164.3 154.2 146.1
Spain
GDP mp (million euro) 1 375 863 1 497 761 1 594 330 1 687 152
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -63 105 -50 027 -51 267 -40 330
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -4.6 -3.3 -3.2 -2.4
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 46.3 45.4 45.5 45.3
Government revenue (% of GDP) 41.7 42.1 42.3 42.9
Government debt (million euro) 1 504 105 1 575 377 1 620 573 1 698 225
Government debt (% of GDP) 109.3 105.2 101.6 100.7
France
GDP mp (million euro) 2 653 997 2 833 826 2 935 236 2 994 733
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -125 896 -151 920 -169 118 -152 511
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -4.7 -5.4 -5.8 -5.1
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 58.4 56.8 57 57.2
Government revenue (% of GDP) 53.7 51.4 51.2 52.1
Government debt (million euro) 2 955 639 3 103 248 3 306 097 3 460 465
Government debt (% of GDP) 111.4 109.5 112.6 115.6
Croatia
GDP mp (million euro) 67 613 79 186 85 905 92 975
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) 10 -865 -2 001 -2 796
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) 0 -1.1 -2.3 -3
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 45.1 46.6 48.4 50.1
Government revenue (% of GDP) 45.2 45.5 46.1 47.1
Government debt (million euro) 46 347 48 264 49 284 52 371
Government debt (% of GDP) 68.5 60.9 57.4 56.3

2022 2023 2024 2025
Italy
GDP mp (million euro) 1 998 073 2 142 744 2 202 031 2 258 049
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -161 869 -152 867 -73 779 -69 381
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -8.1 -7.1 -3.4 -3.1
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 54.9 53.6 50.4 51.2
Government revenue (% of GDP) 46.8 46.5 47 48.1
Government debt (million euro) 2 764 481 2 869 976 2 967 004 3 095 888
Government debt (% of GDP) 138.4 133.9 134.7 137.1
Cyprus
GDP mp (million euro) 29 645 32 439 34 770 36 484
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) 796 554 1 439 1 242
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) 2.7 1.7 4.1 3.4
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 37.7 40.6 38.3 40.2
Government revenue (% of GDP) 40.4 42.4 42.4 43.6
Government debt (million euro) 23 745 23 056 21 814 20 078
Government debt (% of GDP) 80.1 71.1 62.7 55
Latvia
GDP mp (million euro) 36 089 39 564 40 652 43 026
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -1 754 -927 -727 -1 093
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -4.9 -2.3 -1.8 -2.5
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 44.2 43.4 45.3 46.1
Government revenue (% of GDP) 39.4 41.1 43.5 43.6
Government debt (million euro) 16 039 17 579 18 801 20 174
Government debt (% of GDP) 44.4 44.4 46.2 46.9
Lithuania
GDP mp (million euro) 67 081 74 317 78 996 84 258
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -482 -493 -1 012 -1 536
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -0.7 -0.7 -1.3 -1.8
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 36.5 37.2 39.4 41.2
Government revenue (% of GDP) 35.8 36.5 38.1 39.4
Government debt (million euro) 25 703 27 581 29 992 33 259
Government debt (% of GDP) 38.3 37.1 38 39.5

2022 2023 2024 2025
Luxembourg
GDP mp (million euro) 76 731 82 115 86 180 89 522
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) 164 -541 776 -1 756
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) 0.2 -0.7 0.9 -2
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 44.3 46.4 46.8 49.1
Government revenue (% of GDP) 44.5 45.7 47.7 47.1
Government debt (million euro) 19 107 20 268 22 638 23 695
Government debt (% of GDP) 24.9 24.7 26.3 26.5
Hungary
GDP mp (million HUF) 65 950 424 75 218 235 81 493 548 87 045 554
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million HUF) -4 092 620 -5 253 505 -4 185 367 -4 059 437
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -6.2 -7 -5.1 -4.7
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 49.1 49.7 47.3 47.3
Government revenue (% of GDP) 42.9 42.8 42.2 42.6
Government debt (million HUF) 48 854 681 55 132 774 59 866 887 64 911 638
Government debt (% of GDP) 74.1 73.3 73.5 74.6
Malta
GDP mp (million euro) 17 985 20 925 23 137 24 577
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -952 -928 -794 -545
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -5.3 -4.4 -3.4 -2.2
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 38.4 35.8 37.2 37
Government revenue (% of GDP) 33.1 31.3 33.8 34.8
Government debt (million euro) 9 040 9 818 10 621 11 397
Government debt (% of GDP) 50.3 46.9 45.9 46.4
Netherlands
GDP mp (million euro) 993 820 1 050 133 1 121 543 1 179 458
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) 22 -3 897 -8 258 -18 736
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) 0 -0.4 -0.7 -1.6
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 43.3 44 44.3 44.9
Government revenue (% of GDP) 43.3 43.6 43.6 43.3
Government debt (million euro) 481 145 481 481 491 055 523 541
Government debt (% of GDP) 48.4 45.8 43.8 44.4

2022 2023 2024 2025
Austria
GDP mp (million euro) 449 382 477 837 494 088 512 813
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -15 325 -12 249 -22 953 -21 464
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -3.4 -2.6 -4.6 -4.2
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 53 52.3 55.3 55.2
Government revenue (% of GDP) 49.6 49.7 50.6 51
Government debt (million euro) 351 144 371 621 395 051 418 078
Government debt (% of GDP) 78.1 77.8 80 81.5
Poland
GDP mp (million PLN) 3 100 850 3 415 274 3 669 531 3 912 673
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million PLN) -104 475 -177 442 -236 623 -283 969
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -3.4 -5.2 -6.4 -7.3
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 43.2 46.9 49.2 50.9
Government revenue (% of GDP) 39.9 41.7 42.8 43.6
Government debt (million PLN) 1 512 812 1 691 261 2 012 640 2 335 153
Government debt (% of GDP) 48.8 49.5 54.8 59.7
Portugal
GDP mp (million euro) 243 957 270 353 289 784 306 765
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -757 3 030 1 863 2 059
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -0.3 1.1 0.6 0.7
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 43.9 42 42.4 42.7
Government revenue (% of GDP) 43.6 43.2 43 43.4
Government debt (million euro) 271 358 261 889 270 902 275 063
Government debt (% of GDP) 111.2 96.9 93.5 89.7
Romania
GDP mp (million RON) 1 384 598 1 590 749 1 759 183 1 916 405
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million RON) -90 179 -105 128 -162 782 -151 063
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -6.5 -6.6 -9.3 -7.9
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 40.9 41.1 43.3 43.3
Government revenue (% of GDP) 34.4 34.5 34 35.4
Government debt (million RON) 665 491 784 235 964 808 1 137 324
Government debt (% of GDP) 48.1 49.3 54.8 59.3

2022 2023 2024 2025
Slovenia
GDP mp (millioneuro) 56 882 64 050 67 418 70 486
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -1 714 -1 655 -594 -1 786
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -3 -2.6 -0.9 -2.5
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 47.7 46.5 46.5 49.6
Government revenue (% of GDP) 44.7 44 45.6 47.1
Government debt (million euro) 41 395 43 739 44 755 46 324
Government debt (% of GDP) 72.8 68.3 66.4 65.7
Slovakia
GDP mp (million euro) 109 960 123 539 130 208 136 754
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -1 720 -6 556 -6 963 -6 086
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -1.6 -5.3 -5.3 -4.5
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 43.1 48.4 47.4 47.9
Government revenue (% of GDP) 41.5 43.1 42.1 43.5
Government debt (million euro) 63 509 68 882 77 735 83 957
Government debt (% of GDP) 57.8 55.8 59.7 61.4
Finland
GDP mp (million euro) 266 135 273 005 275 993 280 570
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million euro) -477 -7 810 -12 010 -9 613
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) -0.2 -2.9 -4.4 -3.4
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 52.6 55.9 57.7 57.5
Government revenue (% of GDP) 52.5 53 53.4 54.1
Government debt (million euro) 196 844 210 338 227 339 248 433
Government debt (% of GDP) 74 77 82.4 88.5
Sweden
GDP mp (million SEK) 5 816 415 6 143 187 6 391 596 6 570 039
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (million SEK) 57 635 -54 898 -97 426 -84 717
Government deficit (-)/surplus (+) (% of GDP) 1 -0.9 -1.5 -1.3
Government expenditure (% of GDP) 49.4 50 50.5 49.9
Government revenue (% of GDP) 50.4 49.1 48.9 48.6
Government debt (million SEK) 2 001 233 1 980 795 2 186 716 2 305 401
Government debt (% of GDP) 34.4 32.2 34.2 35.1

Detailed data can be found on the website of NSI at the sections:
Government Finance Statistics