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The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2021
In 2021, Bulgaria spent 25 415.8 million BGN for social protection benefits. Тo financing social protection in the country, 13 896.9 million BGN were allocated from the state budget, while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 15 117.8 million BGN.
In 2021, the social protection benefits by function are:
- ‘Sickness/Healthcare’ - 7 420.7 million BGN;
- ‘Disability’ - 2 186.5 million BGN;
- ‘Old age’ - 11 289.1 million BGN;
- ‘Survivors’ - 1 253.1 million BGN; ...
Project ‘European system of integrated social protection statistics (ESSPROS) - Unemployment benefits recipients’
In October 2022 the activities of the project ‘European system of integrated social protection statistics (ESSPROS) - Unemployment benefits recipients’ of the National Statistical Institute under a grant agreement with the European Commission 101055564 - 2021-BG-ESSPROS were successfully completed. The main objective of the project was to build capacity for the preparation of statistical data on the recipients of unemployment benefits in Bulgaria within the framework of the European System for Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS) according to a methodology proposed by Euro...
The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2020
In 2020, Bulgaria spent 21 924.4 million BGN for social protection benefits. Тo financing social protection in the country, 11 142.3 million BGN were allocated from the state budget while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 13 578.4 million BGN.
In 2020 the social protection benefits by function are:
- “Sickness/Healthcare” - 6 587.9 million BGN;
- “Disability” - 1 864.6 million BGN;
- “Old age” - 9 289.0 million BGN;
- “Survivors” - 1 087.3 million BGN;
- “Family/Children” - 1 974...
The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2019
In 2019, Bulgaria spent 19 918.5 million BGN for social protection. Тo finance social protection in the country, 8 129.0 million BGN were allocated from the state budget while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 13 258.3 million BGN.
...The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2018
In 2018, Bulgaria spent 18 517.1 million BGN for social protection. Тo finance social protection in the country, 7 994.1 million BGN were allocated from the state budget while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 11 552.1 million BGN.
...The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2017
In 2017, Bulgaria spent 17 195.7 million BGN for social protection. Тo finance social protection in the country, 7 880.3 million BGN were allocated from the state budget while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 10 531.4 million BGN.
...The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2016
In 2016, Bulgaria spent 16 455.2 Million BGN for social protection which represented around 17.5% of the gross domestic product. In 2016, the total receipts recorded in ESSPROS for financing the social protection system amounted to 16 664.7 million BGN, from which 8 153.4 million BGN were funds from the state budget, 8 233.03 million BGN were funds from social protection contributions and 278.3 million BGN were classified as other receipts.
...The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2015
In 2015, Bulgaria spent 15 811.6 million BGN for social protection. Тo finance social protection in the country, 8 036.5 million BGN were allocated from the state budget while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 8 610.5 million BGN.
...The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2014
In 2014, Bulgaria spent 15 490.8 million BGN for social protection. Тo finance social protection in the country, 8 199.0 million BGN were allocated from the state budget while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 8 282.1 million BGN.
...The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2013
In 2013, Bulgaria spent 14 452.6 million BGN for social protection. Тo finance social protection in the country, 7 690.8 million BGN were allocated from the state budget while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 7 746.0 million BGN.
...The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2012
In 2012, Bulgaria spent 13 597.7 Million BGN for social protection. Тo finance social protection in the country, 7430.4 Million BGN were allocated from the state budget while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 6 854.8 Million BGN.
The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2011
In 2011, 7 167.1 Million BGN were allocated from the state budget to finance social protection in the country while the receipts of social protection contributions amounted to 6 661 Million BGN.
...The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2010
The European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), 2009
Statistical Reference Book 2023 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2023 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2018 - 2022 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings ...
Statistical Reference Book 2023
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2023 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2018 - 2022 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, fore...
Statistical Yearbook 2022
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 90th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2016 - 2021 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the National Statistical ...
Statistical Reference Book 2022
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2022 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2017 - 2021 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, ...
Statistical Reference Book 2022 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2022 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2017 - 2021 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, fo...
Statistical Yearbook 2021
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 89th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2015 - 2020 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the ...
Statistical Reference Book 2021
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2021 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2016 - 2020 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, ...
Statistical Reference Book 2021 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2021 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2016 - 2020 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agri...
Statistical Yearbook 2020
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 88th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2014 - 2019 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the ...
Statistical Yearbook 2012
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to submit to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 80th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for the 2007 - 2011 period in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
Accor...
Statistical Reference Book 2020
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2020 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2016 - 2019 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, ...
Statistical Reference Book 2020 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2020 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2016 - 2019 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture,...
Statistical Yearbook 2019
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 87th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2013 - 2018 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the ...
Statistical Yearbook 2018 in infographics
The National Statistical Institute presents to your attention the 86th edition of the Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria in infographics.
In 2018, for the first time, we presented the results of the statistical surveys through graphics, images and other visualization tools, which resulted in a positive response among a wide range of users. We believe that this modern way of presenting statistical information will trigger the interest in those who for the first time encounter the meaning of numbers revealing important aspects of socio-economic life.
...Statistical Reference Book 2019
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2019 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2015 - 2018 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, f...
Statistical Reference Book 2019 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2019 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2015 - 2018 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, transp...
Statistical Yearbook 2018
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 86th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2012 - 2017 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the ...
Statistical Reference Book 2018
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2018 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2014 - 2017 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, f...
Statistical Yearbook 2017 in infographics
The National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria offers a different view of the statistical information included in the 85th edition of the Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria.
The publication is intended for a wider audience as statistical data are presented in a plain and easy understandable way.
The current state and changes in the socio-economic and cultural life in the country are presented not in the traditional way in tables and text, but through infographics - images, graphics and other visualization tools.
We belie...
Statistical Reference Book 2018 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2018 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2014 - 2017 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, transp...
Statistical Yearbook 2017
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 84th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2012 - 2016 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the ...
Statistical Reference Book 2017
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2017 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2013 - 2016 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, f...
Statistical Reference Book 2017 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2017 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2013 - 2016 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, transp...
Statistical Yearbook 2016
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 84th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2011 - 2015 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the ...
Statistical Reference Book 2016
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2016 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2012 - 2015 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, transpor...
Statistical Reference Book 2016 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2016 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2012 - 2015 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, transp...
Statistical Yearbook 2015
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 83rd edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2010 - 2014 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the ...
Statistical Reference Book 2015
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2015 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2010 - 2014 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, transport, c...
Statistical Reference Book 2015 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2015 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2010 - 2014 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, transport,...
Statistical Yearbook 2014
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 82nd edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2009 - 2013 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the Nati...
Statistical Reference Book 2014
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2014 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2009 - 2013 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, tran...
Statistical Reference Book 2014 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2014 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2009 - 2013 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agriculture, forestry, tr...
Statistical Yearbook 2013
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to present to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 81st edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for 2008 - 2012 in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the Nati...
Statistical Reference Book 2013
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2013 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2008 - 2012 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agric...
Statistical Reference Book 2013 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2013 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2008 - 2012 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agr...
Statistical Reference Book 2012
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2012 in English.
The Statistical Reference Book represents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2007 - 2011 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings - industry, agr...
Statistical Reference Book 2012 (Bulgarian version)
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2012 in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2007 - 2011 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments and finance; and economic activity groupings&...
Statistical Yearbook 2011
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to submit to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 79th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for the 2005 - 2010 period in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According ...
Statistical Reference Book 2011
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2011 in English. It is a concise form of the same issue in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2006 - 2010 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments...
Statistical Yearbook 2010
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to submit to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 78th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format.
It provides current statistical information about the demographic, economic and social development of the country for the 2004 - 2009 period in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
Accor...
Statistical Yearbook 2009
The National Statistical Institute (NSI) has the pleasure to submit to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 77th edition of the ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria’ in printed and electronic format. The issue is published in 2010, which marks 130 years since the establishment of a statistical institution in Bulgaria and 100 years since publishing of the first ‘Statistical Yearbook of the Bulgarian Kingdom’ in 1910.
This issue has new design and layout. It provides current statistical information about ...
Statistical Reference Book 2010
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2010 in English. It is a concise form of the same issue in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2005 - 2009 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross domestic product, investments...
Social Protection Statistics 2000 - 2007
The National Statistical Institute presents to the users of statistical information first electronic (on CD-ROM) publication Social Protection Statistics 2000 - 2007. The publication contains information on receipts and expenditure by social protection schemes, as well as data on benefits and allowances provided by ESSPROS functions.
European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS) is a specific instrument for statistical monitoring of the social protection in EU member states. System main purpose is to ensure exhaustive, reali...
Statistical Reference Book 2009
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information the annual publication - Statistical Reference Book 2009 in English. It is a concise form of the same issue in Bulgarian.
The issue is with a new design and enrich contents. For the first time are included methodological and analytic notes towards all chapters. The information is illustrated with a rich graphic materials.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural ...
Statistical Yearbook 2008
The National Statistical Institute has the pleasure to submit to the attention of national and foreign users of statistical information the 76th edition of the Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Bulgaria 2008. It provides topical statistical information on the demographic, economic and social development of the country for the 2002 - 2007 period in different territorial and classification aggregations and breakdowns.
According to the Law on Statistics, official source of information in the Republic of Bulgaria is the National Statistical System, wh...
Statistical Reference Book of the Republic of Bulgaria 2008
The National Statistical Institute presents to users of statistical information one of its main publications - Statistical Reference Book of the Republic of Bulgaria 2008 in English. It is a concise form of the same issue in Bulgarian.
The Statistical Reference Book presents topical information on the demographic processes as well as the economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2004 - 2007 period.
The publication presents data on main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy - gross dom...
Bulgaria: The Challenges of Poverty
The National Statistical Institute presents to the attention of users of statistical information "Bulgaria:The Challenges of Poverty" - a new publication in English which is a result of the Multipurpose Household Survey in Bulgaria carried out during 2003 by the NSI and the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy with the assistance of the World Bank. The main objective of the survey was to collect versatile, relevant and multilateral information on living conditions and poverty in the country.
Poverty surveys pursue several objectives.
The first one r...
